1. All constituents of food-carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water are necessary for the proper growth of the body.
2. The foodstuffs we consume, whether from animal or plant sources, must be of the best quality.  Otherwise, we may fall prey to disease or illness.
3. Food is said to be spoiled if there is a change in its color, odor, texture, quality, and taste and there is a loss of its nutrient content.
4. various methods of safe storage of food like freezing, drying, boiling, air-tight packing, etc.
5. These different methods prevent the growth of microorganisms in food and thereby save the food from spoiling.
6. The health of all people, young and old, poor or rich, is endangered by food adulteration.

b) Materials like milk are instantly cooled after heating up to a certain high temperature. This method of food preservation is called pasteurization.

c) Salt is a natural type of food preservative.

d) Vinegar is a chemical type of food preservative.

Question 2: Answer the following questions in your own words:

a) How is milk pasteurized?
Answer: Milk is pasteurized by heating at  80°C for 15 minutes and cooling quickly. This destroys the microbes present in the milk and it keeps for a longer duration.

b) Why should we not consume adulterated food materials?
Answer: We should not consume adulterated food materials because it affects our health. It is unsafe & impure. Adulterated food can cause stomach disorders, food poisoning, cancer, heart problems, giddiness, Diarrhoea, infertility, allergies, anemia, brain damage, paralysis, hyperactivity, etc.

c) What precautions do your parents take to keep foodstuffs safe?
Answer: Preparing and Cooking Raw Meat, Poultry, Fish, and Egg Products. Wash your hands with warm water and soap before preparing foods and after handling raw meat, poultry, fish, or egg products. Keep raw meats and their juices away from other foods in the refrigerator and on countertops. Never wash raw chicken.

d) How does food spoilage occur? Which are the various factors spoiling the food?
Answer: Various factors cause food spoilage, making items unsuitable for consumption. Light, oxygen, heat, humidity, temperature, and spoilage bacteria can all affect both the safety and quality of perishable foods. Microbial spoilage results from bacteria, molds, and yeast.

e) Which methods of food preservation would you use?
Answer :

1. Freezing Biological and chemical reactions in food materials are slowed down at low temperatures.  As a result,  food remains in good condition for a longer duration. That is why refrigerators are used in the kitchen.
2. Pasteurization This method involves heating the milk or other similar foodstuffs to a certain temperature, e.g., milk at  80o  C for  15  minutes, and cooling it quickly. This destroys the microbes present in the milk and it keeps for a longer duration.
3. Salting: Some naturally available materials like salt, sugar, and oil are used as preservatives in pickles, jams,  murabba,  petha, etc. Chemical.
4. Acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid, sodium benzoate, and some nitrate and nitrite salts are some examples of chemical preservatives.  They are used in sauces, jellies, jams,  and in packaged ready-to-cook vegetables and ready-to-eat foods, etc. These preservatives keep the food safe for a very long duration.

Question 3: What shall we do?

a) vendors are selling uncovered sweetmeats in open places in the market.
Answer: The vendors selling the sweetmeats on an open surface should avoid this. They should cover the selling articles to maintain their safety. The available food that too dead parts are often subjected to the accumulation of various dirt and germs that ruins the nutrient content of the food particles.

b) A ‘panipuri walla is serving the pani puri with dirty hands.
Answer : Answer: If panipuri wala is serving panipuri with dirty hands, we must avoid panipuri from such stall. Explanation: Ideally, we can advise and explain to him how his dirty hands could cause infection to hundreds of people including him.

c) We have purchased a large number of fruits and vegetables.
Answer: If we have purchased large amounts of fruits and vegetables, then we need to store them properly. … Vegetables can be cut and stored in deep freezers and then used as and when required. Some vegetables can also be used in making pickles.

d) We need to protect foodstuffs from pests like rats, cockroaches, wall lizards, etc.
Answer: Insects and pests like rats, cockroaches, etc. are the conductors of different diseases, these insects spread diseases by contaminating our food items. To prevent this contamination we should always cover our food materials, and arrange pest controls if needed.

Question 4: Find the odd-man-out.

a) salt, vinegar, citric acid, sodium benzoate
Answer: salt is the odd one out because it is a natural preservative while the rest of them are chemical preservatives.

b) lakh dal, brick dust, metal yellow, turmeric powder – 
Answer: turmeric powder is the odd one out because it is a type of spice while the rest of the three are adulterants.

c) banana, apple, guava, almond- 
Answer: almond is the odd one out because it is a dry fruit whereas the rest of the three are fresh fruits.

d) storing, freezing, settling, drying- 
Answer: settling is the odd one out because the rest of the three are preservation methods.

Question 5: Complete the chart below.

Answer :
1. Turmeric powder – Metanyl yellow
2. Black pepper – Papaya seeds
3. Rava – Iron filings
4. Honey-Sugar

Question 6: Explain why this happens and suggest possible remedies.

a) Qualitative wastage of food.
Answer: Qualitative food wastage is one that is done during the supply chain of the products. It is done on the initial level only with no condition to take down in the household. This type of waste is not even consumed by a single person but is spoilt and thrown away.

b) The cooked rice is underdone.
Answer: The cooked rice is underdone. It is because the rice is kept stored for a long time and it loses water. Explanation: This cooked rice is not harmful to eat but to make it eatable one should add a cup of water to let it regain its original form.

c) The wheat that was bought is a bit moist.
Answer: Wheat that is brought is moist because wheat is harvested when there is some water content in the wheat. EXPLANATION: When harvested, wheat contains some water content that is not dried completely and is circulated in the market for sale.

d) The taste of yogurt is too sour/slightly bitter.
Answer: All you need is pasteurized milk and bacteria. With such a high volume of active bacteria chugging away, the result becomes supremely tangy. For some, that sour taste is anything but tasty, so many varieties of yogurt come adorned with additives ranging from honey to fruit preserves to balance out the flavor

e) Cut fruits have turned black.
Answer: When fresh fruits and vegetables are peeled or cut open, the enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (also called tyrosinase) contained in the cells is exposed to and reacts with the oxygen in the air. The bruising seen on some fruit, such as apples and pears, is caused by the same type of reaction.

Question 7: Give reasons.

1. Food remains safe at 5° Celsius.
Answer: Food remains safe at 5oC because this temperature prevents the growth of microorganisms. Microorganisms usually require hot and humid places to grow whereas they cannot grow and survive at this temperature. Their metabolic activities are inhibited at this temperature.

2. Nowadays, food is served buffet style during large gatherings.
Answer:  Nowadays food is served buffet style during a large gathering because ​the buffet is a self-service dining system in restaurants where it allows you to serve a variety of dishes at a time.

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