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What is Mitochondria

1. Mitochondria are the cell organelles that act as powerhouses of cells and they are responsible for energy production. 
2. Mitochondria are found exclusively in the eukaryotic Cell, In prokaryotic cells they are completely absent.
3. Depending on the cell type, they may be a single, very large mitochondrion or up to 2000 small mitochondria. In humans, red blood cells do not contain mitochondria, while in the metabolically active liver cells, up to 2000 mitochondria per cell may be present.
4. Mitochondria are approximately 1μm (microns) long. The shape of mitochondria is variable, the cells move in the cytoplasm and can take different forms. Like chloroplasts and the nucleus, mitochondria are surrounded by two cell membranes. 
5. The two cell membranes lead to a matrix space inside the mitochondrion and an intermembrane space. 
6. The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for the exchange of substances and the protection of the organelle. 
7. It contains so-called pores, special transmembrane proteins, through which substances can be taken up and released. 
8. The inner mitochondrial membrane folds, leading to a strong surface enlargement. Here are the proteins of the respiratory chain.
9. Mitochondria have their DNA, the mtDNA ( Mitochondrial DNA ). They function as an autonomous organelle and share independently of the cell’s cycle. 
10. The mitochondrial DNA is annular and evolutionarily probably originated from the invasion of a bacterium into a precursor of the eukaryotic cell. 
11. This theory is also supported by the fact that mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes, which are typical of prokaryotic cells. However, in eukaryotic cells, there are always 80S ribosomes.

The Functions of the Mitochondria

1. The key function of mitochondria is the production of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate); it happens via the respiratory chain. 
2. The respiratory chain consists of a series of enzymes that are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 
3. These enzymes lie side by side and form a chain through which electrons are transported. This results in a side effect of a concentration of protons, which are used by the ATP synthetase for the production of ATP.
4. In addition, the mitochondria serve as calcium storage. You can save calcium ions for a certain amount of time. When calcium is needed, mitochondria release the absorbed calcium ions and thus contribute to the maintenance of the cell (homeostasis).

MCQ on Mitochondria with Answers Pdf Download

1. The term mitochondria was coined by____________
(a) Carl Benda
(b) Richard
(c) Watson
(d) John Crick
Answer: a
Explanation: The term “mitochondria” was coined by Carl Benda in 1898 after observing thread-like structures in stained cells.

2. The mitochondria was firstly observed by_____________
(a) Carl Benda
(b) Richard Altman
(c) Charl Johanson
(d) Richard John
Answer: b
Explanation: Richard Altman first observed mitochondria in 1890 and called them “bioblasts.”

3. Which cell component is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
(a) Golgi apparatus
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Vacuole
(d) Ribosomes
Answer: b
Explanation: Mitochondria generate most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic respiration, earning them the title “powerhouse of the cell.”

4. Aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells is___________
(a) Peroxisome
(b) Plastid
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Cilia
Answer: c
Explanation: The mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells.

5. The diameter of mitochondria is about:
(a) 0.2 µm
(b) 0.3 µm
(c) 0.5 µm
(d) 0.1 µm
Answer: c
Explanation: Mitochondria typically measure around 0.5 µm in diameter and 1–10 µm in length.

6. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria?
(a) Inner mitochondrial membrane
(b) Mitochondrial matrix
(c) Intermembrane space
(d) Outer mitochondrial membrane
Answer: b
Explanation: The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

7. How many mitochondria are found in liver cells?
(a) 1000 to 1600
(b) 1000 to 1100
(c) 1000 to 1300
(d) 1000 to 1500
Answer: a
Explanation: Liver cells are metabolically active and contain about 1000 to 1600 mitochondria.

8. Which cell organelle is found rod-shaped in the cell of eukaryotes?
(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Cell membrane
(c) Vacuole
(d) Mitochondria
Answer: d
Explanation: Mitochondria are typically rod or sausage-shaped in eukaryotic cells.

9. The inner compartment of mitochondrial membranes is filled with__________.
(a) fluid
(b) mitochondrial matrix
(c) mitochondrial crest
(d) all of the above
Answer: b
Explanation: The inner space is filled with mitochondrial matrix containing enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.

10. In what part of mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?
(a) Matrix
(b) Inner membrane
(c) Peri mitochondrial space
(d) Outer membrane
Answer: b
Explanation: The electron transport chain enzymes are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

11. Cristae in mitochondria serve as sites for________
(a) oxidation-reduction reaction
(b) protein synthesis
(c) macromolecules breakdown
(d) flavoproteins are phosphorylated
Answer: a
Explanation: Cristae increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation and redox reactions.

12. By which system, do mitochondria change the food into chemical energy?
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
(c) Detoxification
(d) Oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: d
Explanation: Mitochondria use oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from nutrients.

13. Oxysomes of F0-F1 particles take place on_____________
(a) Chloroplast surface
(b) Thylakoid
(c) Inner mitochondrial membrane
(d) Mitochondrial surface
Answer: c
Explanation: Oxysomes (F₀-F₁ particles) are found on the inner mitochondrial membrane and synthesize ATP.

14. Which enzymes are present in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
(a) Respiratory chain enzyme
(b) ATP synthase
(c) Monoamine oxidase
(d) Both a and b
Answer: d
Explanation: Both respiratory chain enzymes and ATP synthase are embedded in the inner membrane.

15. Which enzymes are present in the outer membrane of mitochondria?
(a) Monoamine oxidase
(b) NADH-Cytochrome reductase
(c) Fatty acid CoA ligase
(d) All of the above
Answer: d
Explanation: The outer membrane contains all the listed enzymes and is involved in metabolic regulation.

16. ……………………… stores biological information required for the growth and multiplication of mitochondria.
(a) mtDNA
(b) Tissue
(c) Enzyme
(d) Lipid layer
Answer: a
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) carries genes for some proteins, tRNA, and rRNA necessary for mitochondrial function.

17. How do the small molecules pass through the outer membrane of mitochondria?
(a) ATP pump
(b) Carrier protein
(c) Channels
(d) Porins
Answer: d
Explanation: Porins are protein channels that allow passive diffusion of small molecules through the outer membrane.

18. The matrix is important in the production of ATP and it has……………
(a) DNA enzymes
(b) tRNA
(c) Tubules
(d) All of them
Answer: d
Explanation: The mitochondrial matrix contains DNA, enzymes for the Krebs cycle, tRNA, and other essential molecules.

19. Pick the incorrect statement about Mitochondria__________
(a) mitochondrial DNA is known as mtDNA
(b) mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell
(c) mitochondria are the site for the Calvin cycle
(d) mitochondria are the site for the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: c
Explanation: The Calvin cycle occurs in chloroplasts, not in mitochondria.

20. In the structure of mitochondria, the outer and inner membrane is composed of …………………… and these have different properties.
(a) Phospholipid bilayer
(b) Proteins
(c) Ligaments
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: d
Explanation: Both mitochondrial membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins, but have distinct compositions.

21. Which of the following is not a function of mitochondria__________
(a) fatty acid breakdown
(b) non-shivering thermogenesis
(c) electron transport chain and associated ATP production
(d) glycolysis and associated ATP production
Answer: d
Explanation: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, not in the mitochondria.

22. What is the primary purpose of cristae in the mitochondria?
(a) No function has yet been identified; they are likely an evolutionary remnant
(b) It Provides a large surface area for chemical reactions
(c) It Protects the mitochondrial genome
(d) It Prevents the mitochondria from folding in on itself
Answer: b
Explanation: Cristae increase surface area for enzymes involved in ATP production.

23. The __________ theory hypothesizes that __________ were originally free-living prokaryotes.
(a) ectosymbiotic . . . mitochondria
(b) ectosymbiotic . . . lysosomes
(c) endosymbiotic . . . lysosomes
(d) endosymbiotic . . . mitochondria
Answer: d
Explanation: The endosymbiotic theory states mitochondria evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria engulfed by early eukaryotic cells.

24. The cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane and are covered with inner membrane spheres known as………………………………
(a) Stalked Particles
(b) Knobs
(c) Head
(d) All of these
Answer: d
Explanation: The inner membrane of mitochondria shows spherical structures referred to as stalked particles, knobs, or heads, part of ATP synthase.

25. Mitochondrial DNA is___________
(a) the simple single-stranded circular DNA molecule
(b) the simple double-stranded circular DNA molecule
(c) the simple double-stranded linear DNA molecule
(d) the simple single-stranded linear DNA molecule
Answer: b
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA is circular and double-stranded like bacterial DNA.

26. Which of the following is not true of the endosymbiotic theory?
(a) Mitochondria have genomes that contain similarities to bacterial genomes
(b) The mitochondria show similarities to fossilized microorganisms
(c) The inner membrane of mitochondria displays similarities to bacterial membranes
(d) None of the answers
Answer: d
Explanation: All the statements are true, so “None of the answers” is the correct choice.

27. Which of the following statements is false concerning mitochondria?
(a) Mitochondria divide separately from the rest of the cell by binary fission
(b) Mitochondria contain a small circular genome that is separate from the cellular genome
(c) Mitochondria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan layer
(d) All of these
Answer: c
Explanation: Mitochondria do not have peptidoglycan walls; they only have a double membrane.

28. Single Mitochondria is found in________
(a) Flight muscles of insects
(b) Human sperm
(c) Micrasterias
(d) Chaos chaos
Answer: c
Explanation: Micrasterias, a green alga, contains only a single mitochondrion per cell.

29. This is not a function of mitochondria________
(a) Fatty acid breakdown
(b) non-shivering thermogenesis
(c) electron transport chain and associated ATP production
(d) glycolysis and associated ATP production
Answer: d
Explanation: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, not mitochondria.

30. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Mitochondria, unless specifically stained, are not easily visible under the microscope
(b) Physiological activity of cells determines the number of mitochondria per cell
(c) Mitochondria, a powerhouse of a cell, has DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and enzymes, so it can survive outside the cell.
(d) Mitochondria divide by fission
Answer: c
Explanation: Mitochondria cannot survive outside the cell despite having DNA and ribosomes.

31. Which of the following statements regarding mitochondria is incorrect?
(a) The outer membrane is permeable to monomers of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
(b) Enzymes of electron transport are embedded in the outer membrane
(c) The inner membrane is convoluted with infolding
(d) Mitochondrial matrix contains single circular DNA molecules and ribosomes
Answer: b
Explanation: The electron transport enzymes are located in the inner membrane, not the outer membrane.

32. ATP synthesis occurs on the_________
(a) Outer membrane of mitochondria
(b) Inner membrane of mitochondria
(c) Matrix
(d) None of the above
Answer: b
Explanation: ATP synthase enzyme is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

33. If a biochemical analysis of mitochondria has to be done, the best procedure would be____________
(a) Select cells that have a larger number of mitochondria
(b) Plasmolyse the cell and filter out the mixture and take the debris
(c) Grind the cells and filter out the mixture and take the debris
(d) Subject the cell to cell fractionation (centrifuge) and obtain mitochondria
Answer: d
Explanation: Cell fractionation through centrifugation is the best method to isolate pure mitochondria for analysis.

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